The valley is wide at this particular point,and a fair number of houses pleasantly situated,either in the little plain or along the side of the mountain stream,lend human interest to the well-tilled spot,a stronghold with no apparent outlet among the mountains that surround it.
It was noon when Genestas reined in his horse beneath an avenue of elm-trees half-way up the hillside,and only a few paces from the town,to ask the group of children who stood before him for M.
Benassis'house.At first the children looked at each other,then they scrutinized the stranger with the expression that they usually wear when they set eyes upon anything for the first time;a different curiosity and a different thought in every little face.Then the boldest and the merriest of the band,a little bright-eyed urchin,with bare,muddy feet,repeated his words over again,in child fashion.
"M.Benassis'house,sir?"adding,"I will show you the way there."He walked along in front of the horse,prompted quite as much by a wish to gain a kind of importance by being in the stranger's company,as by a child's love of being useful,or the imperative craving to be doing something,that possesses mind and body at his age.The officer followed him for the entire length of the principal street of the country town.The way was paved with cobblestones,and wound in and out among the houses,which their owners had erected along its course in the most arbitrary fashion.In one place a bake-house had been built out into the middle of the roadway;in another a gable protruded,partially obstructing the passage,and yet farther on a mountain stream flowed across it in a runnel.Genestas noticed a fair number of roofs of tarred shingle,but yet more of them were thatched;a few were tiled,and some seven or eight (belonging no doubt to the cure,the justice of the peace,and some of the wealthier townsmen)were covered with slates.There was a total absence of regard for appearances befitting a village at the end of the world,which had nothing beyond it,and no connection with any other place.The people who lived in it seemed to belong to one family that dwelt beyond the limits of the bustling world,with which the collector of taxes and a few ties of the very slenderest alone served to connect them.
When Genestas had gone a step or two farther,he saw on the mountain side a broad road that rose above the village.Clearly there must be an old town and a new town;and,indeed,when the commandant reached a spot where he could slacken the pace of his horse,he could easily see between the houses some well-built dwellings whose new roofs brightened the old-fashioned village.An avenue of trees rose above these new houses,and from among them came the confused sounds of several industries.He heard the songs peculiar to busy toilers,a murmur of many workshops,the rasping of files,and the sound of falling hammers.He saw the thin lines of smoke from the chimneys of each household,and the more copious outpourings from the forges of the van-builder,the blacksmith,and the farrier.At length,at the very end of the village towards which his guide was taking him,Genestas beheld scattered farms and well-tilled fields and plantations of trees in thorough order.It might have been a little corner of Brie,so hidden away in a great fold of the land,that at first sight its existence would not be suspected between the little town and the mountains that closed the country round.
Presently the child stopped.
"There is the door of HIS house,"he remarked.
The officer dismounted and passed his arm through the bridle.Then,thinking that the laborer is worthy of his hire,he drew a few sous from his waistcoat pocket,and held them out to the child,who looked astonished at this,opened his eyes very wide,and stayed on,without thanking him,to watch what the stranger would do next.
"Civilization has not made much headway hereabouts,"thought Genestas;"the religion of work is in full force,and begging has not yet come thus far."His guide,more from curiosity than from any interested motive,propped himself against the wall that rose to the height of a man's elbow.Upon this wall,which enclosed the yard belonging to the house,there ran a black wooden railing on either side of the square pillars of the gates.The lower part of the gates themselves was of solid wood that had been painted gray at some period in the past;the upper part consisted of a grating of yellowish spear-shaped bars.These decorations,which had lost all their color,gradually rose on either half of the gates till they reached the centre where they met;their spikes forming,when both leaves were shut,an outline similar to that of a pine-cone.The worm-eaten gates themselves,with their patches of velvet lichen,were almost destroyed by the alternate action of sun and rain.A few aloe plants and some chance-sown pellitory grew on the tops of the square pillars of the gates,which all but concealed the stems of a couple of thornless acacias that raised their tufted spikes,like a pair of green powder-puffs,in the yard.
The condition of the gateway revealed a certain carelessness of its owner which did not seem to suit the officer's turn of mind.He knitted his brows like a man who is obliged to relinquish some illusion.We usually judge others by our own standard;and although we indulgently forgive our own shortcomings in them,we condemn them harshly for the lack of our special virtues.If the commandant had expected M.Benassis to be a methodical or practical man,there were unmistakable indications of absolute indifference as to his material concerns in the state of the gates of his house.A soldier possessed by Genestas'passion for domestic economy could not help at once drawing inferences as to the life and character of its owner from the gateway before him;and this,in spite of his habits of circumspection,he in nowise failed to do.The gates were left ajar,moreover--another piece of carelessness!
Encouraged by this countrified trust in all comers,the officer entered the yard without ceremony,and tethered his horse to the bars of the gate.While he was knotting the bridle,a neighing sound from the stable caused both horse and rider to turn their eyes involuntarily in that direction.The door opened,and an old servant put out his head.He wore a red woolen bonnet,exactly like the Phrygian cap in which Liberty is tricked out,a piece of head-gear in common use in this country.
As there was room for several horses,this worthy individual,after inquiring whether Genestas had come to see M.Benassis,offered the hospitality of the stable to the newly-arrived steed,a very fine animal,at which he looked with an expression of admiring affection.
The commandant followed his horse to see how things were to go with it.The stable was clean,there was plenty of litter,and there was the same peculiar air of sleek content about M.Benassis'pair of horses that distinguished the cure's horse from all the rest of his tribe.A maid-servant from within the house came out upon the flight of steps and waited.She appeared to be the proper authority to whom the stranger's inquiries were to be addressed,although the stableman had already told him that M.Benassis was not at home.
"The master has gone to the flour-mill,"said he."If you like to overtake him,you have only to go along the path that leads to the meadow;and the mill is at the end of it."Genestas preferred seeing the country to waiting about indefinitely for Benassis'return,so he set out along the way that led to the flour-mill.When he had gone beyond the irregular line traced by the town upon the hillside,he came in sight of the mill and the valley,and of one of the loveliest landscapes that he had ever seen.
The mountains bar the course of the river,which forms a little lake at their feet,and raise their crests above it,tier on tier.Their many valleys are revealed by the changing hues of the light,or by the more or less clear outlines of the mountain ridges fledged with their dark forests of pines.The mill had not long been built.It stood just where the mountain stream fell into the little lake.There was all the charm about it peculiar to a lonely house surrounded by water and hidden away behind the heads of a few trees that love to grow by the water-side.On the farther bank of the river,at the foot of a mountain,with a faint red glow of sunset upon its highest crest,Genestas caught a glimpse of a dozen deserted cottages.All the windows and doors had been taken away,and sufficiently large holes were conspicuous in the dilapidated roofs,but the surrounding land was laid out in fields that were highly cultivated,and the old garden spaces had been turned into meadows,watered by a system of irrigation as artfully contrived as that in use in Limousin.Unconsciously the commandant paused to look at the ruins of the village before him.
How is it that men can never behold any ruins,even of the humblest kind,without feeling deeply stirred?Doubtless it is because they seem to be a typical representation of evil fortune whose weight is felt so differently by different natures.The thought of death is called up by a churchyard,but a deserted village puts us in mind of the sorrows of life;death is but one misfortune always foreseen,but the sorrows of life are infinite.Does not the thought of the infinite underlie all great melancholy?
The officer reached the stony path by the mill-pond before he could hit upon an explanation of this deserted village.The miller's lad was sitting on some sacks of corn near the door of the house.Genestas asked for M.Benassis.
"M.Benassis went over there,"said the miller,pointing out one of the ruined cottages.
"Has the village been burned down?"asked the commandant.
"No,sir."
"Then how did it come to be in this state?"inquired Genestas.
"Ah!how?"the miller answered,as he shrugged his shoulders and went indoors;"M.Benassis will tell you that."The officer went over a rough sort of bridge built up of boulders taken from the torrent bed,and soon reached the house that had been pointed out to him.The thatched roof of the dwelling was still entire;it was covered with moss indeed,but there were no holes in it,and the door and its fastenings seemed to be in good repair.
Genestas saw a fire on the hearth as he entered,an old woman kneeling in the chimney-corner before a sick man seated in a chair,and another man,who was standing with his face turned toward the fireplace.The house consisted of a single room,which was lighted by a wretched window covered with linen cloth.The floor was of beaten earth;the chair,a table,and a truckle-bed comprised the whole of the furniture.The commandant had never seen anything so poor and bare,not even in Russia,where the moujik's huts are like the dens of wild beasts.Nothing within it spoke of ordinary life;there were not even the simplest appliances for cooking food of the commonest deion.
It might have been a dog-kennel without a drinking-pan.But for the truckle-bed,a smock-frock hanging from a nail,and some sabots filled with straw,which composed the invalid's entire wardrobe,this cottage would have looked as empty as the others.The aged peasant woman upon her knees was devoting all her attention to keeping the sufferer's feet in a tub filled with a brown liquid.Hearing a footstep and the clank of spurs,which sounded strangely in ears accustomed to the plodding pace of country folk,the man turned to Genestas.A sort of surprise,in which the old woman shared was visible in his face.
"There is no need to ask if you are M.Benassis,"said the soldier.
"You will pardon me,sir,if,as a stranger impatient to see you,Ihave come to seek you on your field of battle,instead of awaiting you at your house.Pray do not disturb yourself;go on with what you are doing.When it is over,I will tell you the purpose of my visit."Genestas half seated himself upon the edge of the table,and remained silent.The firelight shone more brightly in the room than the faint rays of the sun,for the mountain crests intercepted them,so that they seldom reached this corner of the valley.A few branches of resinous pinewood made a bright blaze,and it was by the light of this fire that the soldier saw the face of the man towards whom he was drawn by a secret motive,by a wish to seek him out,to study and to know him thoroughly well.M.Benassis,the local doctor,heard Genestas with indifference,and with folded arms he returned his bow,and went back to his patient,quite unaware that he was being subjected to a scrutiny as earnest as that which the soldier turned upon him.
Benassis was a man of ordinary height,broad-shouldered and deep-chested.A capacious green overcoat,buttoned up to the chin,prevented the officer from observing any characteristic details of his personal appearance;but his dark and motionless figure served as a strong relief to his face,which caught the bright light of the blazing fire.The face was not unlike that of a satyr;there was the same slightly protruding forehead,full,in this case,of prominences,all more or less denoting character;the same turned-up nose,with a sprightly cleavage at the tip;the same high cheek-bones.The lines of the mouth were crooked;the lips,thick and red.The chin turned sharply upwards.There was an alert,animated look in the brown eyes,to which their pearly whites gave great brightness,and which expressed passions now subdued.His iron-gray hair,the deep wrinkles in his face,the bushy eyebrows that had grown white already,the veins on his protuberant nose,the tanned face covered with red blotches,everything about him,in short,indicated a man of fifty and the hard work of his profession.The officer could come to no conclusion as to the capacity of the head,which was covered by a close cap;but hidden though it was,it seemed to him to be one of the square-shaped kind that gave rise to the expression "square-headed."Genestas was accustomed to read the indications that mark the features of men destined to do great things,since he had been brought into close relations with the energetic natures sought out by Napoleon;so he suspected that there must be some mystery in this life of obscurity,and said to himself as he looked at the remarkable face before him:
"How comes it that he is still a country doctor?"When he had made a careful study of this countenance,that,in spite of its resemblance to other human faces,revealed an inner life nowise in harmony with a commonplace exterior,he could not help sharing the doctor's interest in his patient;and the sight of that patient completely changed the current of his thoughts.
Much as the old cavalry officer had seen in the course of his soldier's career,he felt a thrill of surprise and horror at the sight of a human face which could never have been lighted up with thought--a livid face in which a look of dumb suffering showed so plainly--the same look that is sometimes worn by a child too young to speak,and too weak to cry any longer;in short,it was the wholly animal face of an old dying cretin.The cretin was the one variety of the human species with which the commandant had not yet come in contact.At the sight of the deep,circular folds of skin on the forehead,the sodden,fish-like eyes,and the head,with its short,coarse,scantily-growing hair--a head utterly divested of all the faculties of the senses--who would not have experienced,as Genestas did,an instinctive feeling of repulsion for a being that had neither the physical beauty of an animal nor the mental endowments of man,who was possessed of neither instinct nor reason,and who had never heard nor spoken any kind of articulate speech?It seemed difficult to expend any regrets over the poor wretch now visibly drawing towards the very end of an existence which had not been life in any sense of the word;yet the old woman watched him with touching anxiety,and was rubbing his legs where the hot water did not reach them with as much tenderness as if he had been her husband.Benassis himself,after a close scrutiny of the dull eyes and corpse-like face,gently took the cretin's hand and felt his pulse.
"The bath is doing no good,"he said,shaking his head;"let us put him to bed again."He lifted the inert mass himself,and carried him across to the truckle-bed,from whence,no doubt,he had just taken him.Carefully he laid him at full length,and straightened the limbs that were growing cold already,putting the head and hand in position,with all the heed that a mother could bestow upon her child.
"It is all over,death is very near,"added Benassis,who remained standing by the bedside.
The old woman gazed at the dying form,with her hands on her hips.Afew tears stole down her cheeks.Genestas remained silent.He was unable to explain to himself how it was that the death of a being that concerned him so little should affect him so much.Unconsciously he shared the feeling of boundless pity that these hapless creatures excite among the dwellers in the sunless valleys wherein Nature has placed them.This sentiment has degenerated into a kind of religious superstition in families to which cretins belong;but does it not spring from the most beautiful of Christian virtues--from charity,and from a belief in a reward hereafter,that most effectual support of our social system,and the one thought that enables us to endure our miseries?The hope of inheriting eternal bliss helps the relations of these unhappy creatures and all others round about them to exert on a large scale,and with sublime devotion,a mother's ceaseless protecting care over an apathetic creature who does not understand it in the first instance,and who in a little while forgets it all.
Wonderful power of religion!that has brought a blind beneficence to the aid of an equally blind misery.Wherever cretins exist,there is a popular belief that the presence of one of these creatures brings luck to a family--a superstition that serves to sweeten lives which,in the midst of a town population,would be condemned by a mistaken philanthropy to submit to the harsh discipline of an asylum.In the higher end of the valley of Isere,where cretins are very numerous,they lead an out-of-door life with the cattle which they are taught to herd.There,at any rate,they are at large,and receive the reverence due to misfortune.
A moment later the village bell clinked at slow regular intervals,to acquaint the flock with the death of one of their number.In the sound that reached the cottage but faintly across the intervening space,there was a thought of religion which seemed to fill it with a melancholy peace.The tread of many feet echoed up the road,giving notice of an approaching crowd of people--a crowd that uttered not a word.Then suddenly the chanting of the Church broke the stillness,calling up the confused thoughts that take possession of the most sceptical minds,and compel them to yield to the influence of the touching harmonies of the human voice.The Church was coming to the aid of a creature that knew her not.The cure appeared,preceded by a choir-boy,who bore the crucifix,and followed by the sacristan carrying the vase of holy water,and by some fifty women,old men,and children,who had all come to add their prayers to those of the Church.The doctor and the soldier looked at each other,and silently withdrew to a corner to make room for the kneeling crowd within and without the cottage.During the consoling ceremony of the Viaticum,celebrated for one who had never sinned,but to whom the Church on earth was bidding a last farewell,there were signs of real sorrow on most of the rough faces of the gathering,and tears flowed over the rugged cheeks that sun and wind and labor in the fields had tanned and wrinkled.The sentiment of voluntary kinship was easy to explain.
There was not one in the place who had not pitied the unhappy creature,not one who would not have given him his daily bread.Had he not met with a father's care from every child,and found a mother in the merriest little girl?
"He is dead!"said the cure.
The words struck his hearers with the most unfeigned dismay.The tall candles were lighted,and several people undertook to watch with the dead that night.Benassis and the soldier went out.A group of peasants in the doorway stopped the doctor to say:
"Ah!if you have not saved his life,sir,it was doubtless because God wished to take him to Himself.""I did my best,children,"the doctor answered.
When they had come a few paces from the deserted village,whose last inhabitant had just died,the doctor spoke to Genestas.
"You would not believe,sir,what real solace is contained for me in what those peasants have just said.Ten years ago I was very nearly stoned to death in this village.It is empty to-day,but thirty families lived in it then."Genestas'face and gesture so plainly expressed an inquiry,that,as they went along,the doctor told him the story promised by this beginning.
"When I first settled here,sir,I found a dozen cretins in this part of the canton,"and the doctor turned round to point out the ruined cottages for the officer's benefit."All the favorable conditions for spreading the hideous disease are there;the air is stagnant,the hamlet lies in the valley bottom,close beside a torrent supplied with water by the melted snows,and the sunlight only falls on the mountain-top,so that the valley itself gets no good of the sun.
Marriages among these unfortunate creatures are not forbidden by law,and in this district they are protected by superstitious notions,of whose power I had no conception--superstitions which I blamed at first,and afterwards came to admire.So cretinism was in a fair way to spread all over the valley from this spot.Was it not doing the country a great service to put a stop to this mental and physical contagion?But imperatively as the salutary changes were required,they might cost the life of any man who endeavored to bring them about.Here,as in other social spheres,if any good is to be done,we come into collision not merely with vested interests,but with something far more dangerous to meddle with--religious ideas crystallized into superstitions,the most permanent form taken by human thought.I feared nothing.
"In the first place,I sought for the position of mayor in the canton,and in this I succeeded.Then,after obtaining a verbal sanction from the prefect,and by paying down the money,I had several of these unfortunate creatures transported over to Aiguebelle,in Savoy,by night.There are a great many of them there,and they were certain to be very kindly treated.When this act of humanity came to be known,the whole countryside looked upon me as a monster.The cure preached against me.In spite of all the pains I took to explain to all the shrewder heads of the little place the immense importance of being rid of the idiots,and in spite of the fact that I gave my services gratuitously to the sick people of the district,a shot was fired at me from the corner of a wood.
"I went to the Bishop of Grenoble and asked him to change the cure.
Monseigneur was good enough to allow me to choose a priest who would share in my labors,and it was my happy fortune to meet with one of those rare natures that seemed to have dropped down from heaven.Then I went on with my enterprise.After preparing people's minds,I made another transportation by night,and six more cretins were taken away.
In this second attempt I had the support of several people to whom Ihad rendered some service,and I was backed by the members of the Communal Council,for I had appealed to their parsimonious instincts,showing them how much it cost to support the poor wretches,and pointing out how largely they might gain by converting their plots of ground (to which the idiots had no proper title)into allotments which were needed in the township.
"All the rich were on my side;but the poor,the old women,the children,and a few pig-headed people were violently opposed to me.
Unluckily it so fell out that my last removal had not been completely carried out.The cretin whom you have just seen,not having returned to his house,had not been taken away,so that the next morning he was the sole remaining example of his species in the village.There were several families still living there;but though they were little better than idiots,they were,at any rate,free from the taint of cretinism.I determined to go through with my work,and came officially in open day to take the luckless creature from his dwelling.I had no sooner left my house than my intention got abroad.
The cretin's friends were there before me,and in front of his hovel Ifound a crowd of women and children and old people,who hailed my arrival with insults accompanied by a shower of stones.
"In the midst of the uproar I should perhaps have fallen a victim to the frenzy that possesses a crowd excited by its own outcries and stirred up by one common feeling,but the cretin saved my life!The poor creature came out of his hut,and raised the clucking sound of his voice.He seemed to be an absolute ruler over the fanatical mob,for the sight of him put a sudden stop to the clamor.It occurred to me that I might arrange a compromise,and thanks to the quiet so opportunely restored,I was able to propose and explain it.Of course,those who approved of my schemes would not dare to second me in this emergency,their support was sure to be of a purely passive kind,while these superstitious folk would exert the most active vigilance to keep their last idol among them;it was impossible,it seemed to me,to take him away from them.So I promised to leave the cretin in peace in his dwelling,with the understanding that he should live quite by himself,and that the remaining families in the village should cross the stream and come to live in the town,in some new houses which I myself undertook to build,adding to each house a piece of ground for which the Commune was to repay me later on.
"Well,my dear sir,it took me fully six months to overcome their objection to this bargain,however much it may have been to the advantage of the village families.The affection which they have for their wretched hovels in country districts is something quite unexplainable.No matter how unwholesome his hovel may be,a peasant clings far more to it than a banker does to his mansion.The reason of it?That I do not know.Perhaps thoughts and feelings are strongest in those who have but few of them,simply because they have but few.
